[Reprinted] Munger Ten lectures Fifth Lecture: the need for multi-disciplinary skills education _ Value Finder.

Original Address: Fifth Lecture Munger Ten speech: the need for education of multi-disciplinary skills: learning the Vampire Slayer s Pension __ Fifth Lecture: Multi-disciplinary skills needed education Charlie • Mount the 50th anniversary of graduating Gerhard Buddhist gathering, 1998 .Today, on April 24 I'm going to play a little game, pick up the cards of Socrates, which stems from a philosophy best-selling book "the secret cards" (The solitaireMystery). .The book is a dwarf clown, he is the eternal child, will never grow up, life will never lose their curiosity. .In ancient Greece, Socrates was his time the clown in the card deck of cards, the book said that every heart alive, a clown, this is the view of Socrates. .As a philosopher, Socrates says that he does not have the special "qualifications", he was just a midwife only. .Cherish the memory of the dead masters, immersed in the joy of the truth of life, I will use the following five questions to the whole story through the speech: (1) professionals need to strengthen multi-disciplinary skills; (2) Education is a sufficient .one of the subject? .(3) the tip in the humanities and science fields, the practice of multidisciplinary education in the form of what is best? .(4) Over the past 50 years, cutting-edge field of academic education in the best form of multi-disciplinary aspects of progress? .(5) What kind of teaching practice in order to speed up this pace? .We start from the first issue: understanding the need to strengthen multi-disciplinary professional skills? .To solve this problem, we first have to clear multi-disciplinary knowledge will enhance career awareness. .Determined to correct the deviation from the cognitive, will first result in this error proved cognitive reasons. .George Bernard Shaw once described by a character flaw that explain career: "The so-called career, but a conspiracy to deceive the layman." George Bernard Shaw analysis was very is. .Let us be traced back to the 16th century, when the clergy as the dominant Tyndall, William • the "Bible" translated into English and left him burned alive in the post. .George Bernard Shaw on this issue in passing: beneficial departure from the self-serving behavior is evil executioner. .It is worth mentioning that in his career, subconscious level, the ideological tendency of complex often leads to dire consequences, especially where there are two tendencies: (1) motivation due to bias (incentive-causedbias), a congenital .cognitive tendency to view things on the professional advantage or wide civilization will benefit customers. .(2) hammer tendencies (man-with-a-hammertendency), derived from a proverb: "For a man with a hammer, he eyes the problem resembles a nail." Hammer tend to have a correct response, if a person .multi-disciplinary skills, that is, to master a variety of tools, will limit the tendency to bring the hammer, the degree of cognitive orientation. .In addition, the practice of psychology if he can learn a truth - whether their own or other people, if the path to avoid life off the track, his life must follow two trends mentioned above, fight - then, in the .the wisdom of life on the road leading to he taken the construction of a new step. .If A is a professional principle, B is also an important use of the principle, but it comes from other disciplines. .Obviously, control A, B is usually better than the effect of both simple to grasp A. .Some people do not want to put forward reasonable control B, because the importance of taking into account the life of A, there are other more urgent things to do, learning B does not seem realistic. .Later I will explain this unwise of reasons, at least for a majority of people who are so talented. .The second question is very simple, this is not to spend too much time to elaborate. .Our extreme lack of discipline integration of education, many problems are interdisciplinary, if not the use of interdisciplinary knowledge to answer to the equivalent of a bridge hand to all of the attention is focused on the licensing of any other factors .no attention. .This madness as foolish as Mad Hatter tea party, a phenomenon not uncommon in professional practice. .Even worse, as in the basic biology of human science, independent thinking in all disciplines have in-depth bone marrow. .When I was young, a number of highly respected professor shocked, because the academics are isolated, not in contact with, everyone at an end, exclusion of other fields of view. .Whitehead this big long lash, he called the "fatal barriers between disciplines," for people with severe tone sounded the alarm. .Since then, Whitehead views getting everyone's identity, and some of the top educational institutions in order to change this separation of disciplines in enhancing the status of expansion of education has made remarkable academic results, and emerged some interdisciplinary .brave warriors at the battle, such as Wilson of Harvard University and California Polytechnic University, Linus Pauling •. .Integration in the disciplines of modern academia, do better than in the past, this is the right choice. .As regards the third question, we can convert to the current goal? .Elite education in the best form of multi-disciplinary education is what? .This question is very simple, as long as we reflect on the most successful single discipline education, selected from the most basic ingredients, then put these elements together, the final solution will be satisfactory. .To find the best educational model for single discipline, we do not have to look at education in some schools, because all the negative tendencies and other negative mind is rampant, reaction efficiency of education to see a strong incentive to bring results, such results can be .personally experienced. .Now we come to a logical discipline - mandatory for the successful implementation of the pilot education (I think that if, as such institutions of higher education at Harvard University think that a lot of pilot training in this issue will certainly be better.) .With other occupations, driven in flight to face "hammer effect" of the negative impact, we do not want any of the pilots in response to "X" danger, his mind is only just "X" model. .Taking into account these reasons, we must strictly follow the "six elements system" to train pilots. .(1) the breadth of formal education sufficient to meet the flight so that he may encounter in practice almost all the problems; (2) accepted the necessary professional education is not only one or two to let him pass the test, but also let him .cope with the freedom to practice, or even one or two can deal with the risk of complex conditions. .(3) must learn to think forward and reverse must also learn when to focus on the expected effect, when placed on avoiding mistakes. .(4) The training content should be based on a reasonable allocation of the different disciplines in pursuit of the future practice of minimizing the error loss goals. .For the most important elements in practice, intensive training, to the point of flexibility. .(5) must develop a check "list" of the habit. .(6) After receiving higher education, we must cultivate the habit of reviewing the knowledge - often using the flight simulator, a rare and important issues to prevent the response to the knowledge of the long-term idle after passivation. .This covers the six factors of a rational system of a single discipline demanding, because it is the next bet is also high, it is the deep structure of the human mind is consistent, it is necessary to grasp. .Therefore, we look forward to enhance the education problem solving must have more than six elements, as should further expand on the content, otherwise, what other better approach? .In summary, we should be able to obtain genuine products elite education, must be able to multi-disciplinary education in the broad to get the best results; to consistently apply the necessary practical skills, including with comprehensive capabilities across multiple disciplines; can .if necessary applications with ease, flexibility; to positive thinking, but also to reverse thinking, just as the reverse method in the same algebra; also allows the habit of "list" inspection as part of the system of knowledge. .In order to obtain the wisdom of doing things, no alternative, there is no easier way. .At first glance, this task is very wide coverage area, daunting, it seems difficult to complete. .But what if the three factors from the overall consideration, it is not impossible to complete: First, from the "essential skills" a broad definition, we believe that each person can not demanding mastery of celestial mechanics to keep pace with the Laplace .the point where we do not have demanding in other areas of knowledge has reached such a superb level. .In fact, each subject the amount of content is really important is not much influence each other is not complicated, taking into account that the time and manpower, for most people to grasp the importance of multidisciplinary knowledge is not impossible .The. .Second, elite education must have the will and time. .After all, education is the intellectual superior of 1%, while general education students than their teachers but also good. .We have plenty of time for 13 years, enough to 1% of the top students of these trained professional novice. .Third, thinking outside the list is easy to learn and use - in the pilots is the case, the same is true in daily life. .In addition, I am confident that we can enhance the skills of multiple disciplines - like a guy from Arkansas that the role of baptism, he said: "I have seen." We have witnessed some people - modern .The • Franklin, they get a lot of cross-disciplinary knowledge, formal education is less than the current bright young people; they not only become the leader of their discipline and, in turn to other disciplines, the cash is not bad. .Now that we have the time and ability to expand the subject in front of another successful example of the master, and now we are not able to hammer tendency to minimize the damage caused is clear that such a truth: If you are satisfied with the status quo, not in the humanities .master of many fields; if you over-cautious in the face of difficulties of reform, it will not succeed. .Following the fourth question: from graduation to the present, during which they tried a lot, although there are negative results, but there are a lot of improvement. .However, we expect the change remains to be carried out, the road is long, long way to go. .For example, if professors from different disciplines can cooperate with each other, or a professor mastery in different disciplines, the field of human sciences will be of great benefit. .But there is a method of adjustment, and the results were pretty good, it is called "improved" or "take your love (take what you wish)" measures to encourage any kind of discipline from other disciplines need to be chosen at random .content. .It is highly regarded because avoiding academic debates, was caused by a single discipline of the underlying causes of the current target for change. .Anyway, in the "take what you love" more and more popular today, many areas of human sciences tend to have reduced the negative impact of the hammer. .For example, students from our Rogers • Fisher led the School of Law in the integration of knowledge from other disciplines of the negotiation skills. .Fisher wise book talks more than 300 million copies sold, his success may be leading us. .The introduction of a large number of effective law school economics, and even some well-established game theory, elaborated by a more convincing on how to compete, and promote the implementation of antitrust law. .In contrast, the economics are there, from biologists to introduce a "public goods tragedy (tragedy of thecommons)" model, with the invention of an Adam Smith "invisible hand" of the coexistence of evil "invisible foot .. " .At present there was a "behavioral economics", trying to psychology for help. .But, like "take your love" such a negative practice, not meant to please everyone, in fact, it caused the worst results include several changes: (1) in some literature digest .Sigmund Freud; (2) introduced it into the field of extreme political ideology, whether left or right, which makes the quality of extremists in order to obtain as objective as difficult to regain virginity; (3) some of their own .misguided corporate finance experts to form strange subjects and the introduction of efficient market theory to a number of law schools and business schools, of which an expert to explain the results of the company Berkshire Hathaway, the standard deviation for the luck, that for 6 .a standard deviation of this explanation, he was ridiculed by other people, forced to change the point of view. .Moreover, even if we can avoid these acts of insanity, "take what you love" can also cause serious defects. .For example, subjects from the more basic screened out of the content is often not due, few people have been focusing on the concept of how to do basic sort of work. .This practice (1) is similar to a mess of file sorting system, the weakening of existing knowledge, the ability to use and comprehensive; (2) Linus Pauling • to improve the chemical levels have turned to the physics of systems development, .Human Sciences do not carry forward to such efforts. .Therefore, there should also be another better way. .Go to the last question below: at the tip of human science, what kind of behavior will be able to speed up the progress of the integration of disciplines, the answer is simple: First, to introduce some topics should be mandatory and not free to choose, if necessary, their first course specifier .should have mastered important knowledge in multiple disciplines and will be applied flexibly. .This principle in fostering the role of decision-making talents in the same as in training pilots, for example, training in the law must force students to master the psychology and accounting, but in many of today's institutions of higher education has not made such a request. .This should be attributed to the narrow course designers mind, they themselves do not understand what is necessary and indispensable, we can not improve this deficiency. .Second, it should help enhance the interdisciplinary problem solving exercises, including the flight simulator to imitate idle for many years in the active practice of skills. .In one example, recall that decades ago, Harvard Business School a wise teacher, but atypical of the stock market. .The professor gives a quiz question is about the two less skilled in business, the stock market woman, who had just inherited a manufacturer of brand shoes, shoe factories in England, but for some serious business problems plagued specifies Professor .they encounter problems, then let the students think in the full time response and write it down. .Dear students to actively offer advice, but you end points are not ideal, but a fraction of the students are far ahead. .This unique answer to what is it? .Very short, roughly as follows: "them in a special field of business and special industry can not rely on other people's help to resolve these complex but important issue, given the difficulty and which agency costs can not be avoided, they should be promptly disposed of it .home shoe, probably should have sold to a top marginal effect advantage (marginal-utilityadvantage) competitors. "The answer is not based on unique business school students had just learned from the things, but built on more basic concepts .such as agency costs and marginal effects from the knowledge of psychology and economics students from misappropriation. .Dear Harvard Law School graduates of 1948 who was also from time to time if we have such a test will be how much of the achievements of today, ah! .Coincidentally, many excellent private schools are now very far-sighted subjects in the seventh grade subjects used in this integrated approach to education, many universities have not been inspired. .Whitehead said that education is "fatal barriers between disciplines," another regrettable evidence. .Third, most of the human sciences professional schools should give full play to the role of trade journals, such as "The Wall Street Journal," "Forbes" and "wealth" and so on. .Zhou Kai contents of these exciting, but also act as a flight simulator role in the multidisciplinary curriculum issues - especially complex issue, will enhance the ability to practice. .Sometimes these journals sea for the introduction of the new model school curriculum and not just stop at the level of activation of old knowledge. .If students want to optimize their own judgments, to pursue after graduating from the content beings began to practice from school, why not? .I know some people with excellent business sense, there is no fix an artificial intelligence system without the use of these journals. .That being the case, why do not imitate what academics? .Fourth, in order to address these gaps in academic appointments should not be too extreme political ideology that professors (or students), whether left or right. .The best form of discipline integration needs of an objective quality, but that is the passion of people who are missing, if the mind imprisoned by ideology, it is difficult in the difficult integration of knowledge remarkable achievements. .In our time, Harvard Law School professor who has been cited ideological cause a classic example of stupidity. .Of course, they say that Yale, Harvard was a lot of people think they are trying to focus on the introduction of a special kind of political ideology, in order to improve the level of legal education. .Fifth, the human sciences should be strengthened in the basic structure mimic the natural science model of combining (fundamental organizingethos, "four-door with basic academic subjects," including mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering), this practice should be to emulate the natural sciences after all .has many advantages, for example, had the two best results: (1) to avoid the narrowness of a single discipline; (2) multi-disciplinary field of study is more humane, and often can get good results, such as physics .Feynman home soon discovered that the rubber ring is the culprit of the crash space. .This practice had been before the reference to the edge of disciplines and fruitful, for example, biology began 150 years ago, descriptions more confusion, no theory combined with the deep, it gradually draws upon the essence of the natural sciences have made significant .results. .Gradually learned to use more modern mode of thinking, they possess a series of models, learn to think "why", so far there is no biological basis for discipline for refusing to learn the essence of the natural sciences has given .people to understand. .Here, I cite the so-called essence of the basic structure pattern: (1) According to the basic disciplines of different sort, and in accordance with the basic discipline to use them. .(2) whether you like it or not, must be applied flexibly and to routinely apply these four core disciplines, the most basic content, for more than the basis of their professional discipline should be given special attention. .(3) multi-disciplinary study of the attribution of knowledge should not be against the "economic principle", which prohibits the subject from their own good, or any other discipline in the use of ready-made explanation. .(4) If the first three steps can not generate useful new ideas, it should follow the experience of existing assumptions and try to establish a new principle, but not conflicting with the old principle of the new principle, unless you can prove that the old principle is .wrong. .A lot of practice with the humanities than the basic structure of the natural science model is more stringent, which makes me think of pilot training, natural science is not a "take what you love" style but "Like it or not have to be comfortable using .. " .In the multi-disciplinary on the basis of rational organization, learning this knowledge to become a mandatory task: (1) interdisciplinary knowledge must be attributed to learning; (2) must be biased in favor of the most basic explanation. .This simple view is clearly useful, but can not forget one in business, science and other fields that contain miracles "two factor" of the old rules: (1) learn the simple basic ideas; (2) must be carefully .practical to learn the basic structure, so that at a lot of good, in my own example to prove: former student at Harvard Law School, I received a bad education, although Mr. Warren insisted against my school, but under the deal at a friend's Pound .I finally got accepted. .I read a stupid high school biology curriculum, thanks to rote, only learned about the knowledge of Paramecium and frog dissection and "protoplasm" This ridiculous concept - but since then, the concept of the horizon thoroughly washed .disappeared, until today, I never participated in any chemistry, economics, psychology or business courses. .I had earlier received a basic knowledge of physics and mathematics, natural sciences concentrate to absorb the essence of the basic structural model, and continue to apply to some people in the scientific disciplines. .In this process, I try to make the file sorting system (organizing guide and the filingsystem) necessary to meet the expanding disciplines of life wisdom. .So, my life is an experimental field of education, the basic institutions of the feasibility and practicality of the essence test. .When I tried to fix before the non-formal education approach to education is low, the essence of the basic structural model as navigation, ordinary people's determination to fight, which brought me a lot of surprises, results far beyond my expectations. .I wander in the field of psychology, benefit, though not the intention of further education, but access to the tangible benefits. .I try to answer in the shortest period of time the question and to end today's speech. .In this process, the most interesting point is that, despite the many wise and highly educated people, today I say will be corny, nothing new. .But I reveal the phenomenon of cutting-edge fields in the humanities, professors in these areas are thought to develop a discipline-based differentiation of habit, even better model placed in the opposite aisle, and they remain indifferent. .This absurd results show that the human sciences in the full of improper motive. .Dr. Johnson has pointed out sharply that the motivation is the main reason the error, if inconsistent with the interest, the truth is difficult to be absorbed. .If the motive cause, then no doubt it is feasible to correct - because motivation can change. .Today, I try to elaborate - is actually a personal experience to prove that, for the humanities, it should change the current division of the stubborn habits of discipline, this change is beneficial. .Johnson has described such behavior is a "betrayal" because they retain academic ignorance, rather than using hard to correct. .For the Law School or other academic fields, the use of extended-disciplinary approach to solve the problem of common or uncommon rewards will be immeasurable. .This process results not only have fun, I recommend to everyone a happy spirit of this area will make you happy do not think back. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr>.